|
What Are the Medical Complications of Eating Disorders?
Medical complications can frequently be a result
of eating disorders. Individuals with eating disorders who use drugs
to stimulate vomiting, bowel movements, or urination may be in considerable
danger, because this practice increases the risk of heart failure.
In patients with anorexia, starvation can damage vital organs such as the brain
and heart. To protect itself, the body shifts into "slow gear": monthly menstrual
periods stop, breathing pulse and blood pressure rates drop, and thyroid function
slows. Nails and hair become brittle; the skin dries, yellows, and becomes covered
with soft hair called lanugo. Excessive thirst and frequent urination may occur.
Dehydration contributes to constipation, and reduced body fat leads to lowered
body temperature and the inability to withstand cold.
Mild anemia, swollen joints, reduced muscle mass, and light-headedness also commonly
occur in anorexia. If the disorder becomes severe, patients may lose calcium
from their bones, making them brittle and prone to breakage. They may also experience
irregular heart rhythms and heart failure. In some patients, the brain shrinks,
causing personality changes. Fortunately, this condition can be reversed when
normal weight is reestablished.
Scientists have found that many patients with anorexia also suffer from other
psychiatric illnesses. While the majority have co-occurring clinical depression,
others suffer from anxiety, personality or substance abuse disorders, and many
are at risk for suicide. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), an illness characterized
by repetitive thoughts and behaviors, can also accompany anorexia. Individuals
with anorexia are typically compliant in personality but may have sudden outbursts
of hostility and anger or become socially withdrawn.
Bulimia nervosa patients -- even those of normal weight -- can severely damage
their bodies by frequent binge eating and purging. In rare instances, binge eating
causes the stomach to rupture; purging may result in heart failure due to loss
of vital minerals such as potassium. Vomiting causes other less deadly, but serious,
problems -- the acid in vomit wears down the outer layer of the teeth and can
cause scarring on the backs of hands when fingers are pushed down the throat
to induce vomiting. Further, the esophagus becomes inflamed and glands near the
cheeks become swollen. As in anorexia, bulimia may lead to irregular menstrual
periods. Interest in sex may also diminish.
Some individuals with bulimia struggle with addictions including abuse of drugs
and alcohol, and compulsive stealing. Like individuals with anorexia, many people
with bulimia suffer from clinical depression, anxiety, OCD, and other psychiatric
illnesses. These problems, combined with their impulsive tendencies, place them
at higher risk for suicidal behavior.
People with binge eating disorder are usually overweight so they are prone to
the serious medical problems associated with obesity, such as high cholesterol,
high blood pressure, and diabetes. Obese individuals also have a higher risk
for gallbladder disease, heart disease, and some types of cancer. Individuals
with binge eating disorder also have high rates of co-occurring psychiatric illnesses
-- especially depression. |
|
